0.4% retinol lotion vs vehicle
Randomised, double-blind, vehicle-controlled · 36 older adults · 24 weeks
Fine wrinkling improved significantly vs vehicle (score change −1.64 vs −0.08, P<.001), with increased glycosaminoglycans and procollagen I.
Kafi R et al. Arch Dermatol 2007;143(5):606–612 · PMID 17515510 ↗
Randomised controlled trialAnti-ageing · niacinamide
5% niacinamide vs vehicle, split-face
Double-blind, split-face · 50 women · 12 weeks
Significant reductions in fine lines, wrinkles, spots, red blotchiness and sallowness, and improved elasticity, vs the vehicle side.
Bissett DL et al. Dermatol Surg 2005;31(7 Pt 2):860–865 · PMID 16029679 ↗
5% niacinamide vs vehicle; 2% niacinamide + sunscreen vs sunscreen
Vehicle-controlled human trials · 18 and 120 participants
Significantly less hyperpigmentation and lighter-looking skin vs vehicle, visible from 4 weeks.
Hakozaki T et al. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(1):20–31 · PMID 12100180 ↗
Randomised controlled trialAnti-ageing · vitamin C 5% vitamin C cream vs vehicle
Double-blind, randomised, split-site · 20 women · 6 months
Clinical photoageing score improved from 6.7 to 4.4 on the treated side, with denser skin microrelief and fewer deep furrows.
Humbert PG et al. Exp Dermatol 2003;12(3):237–244 · PMID 12823436 ↗
Randomised controlled trialHydration · hyaluronic acid
0.1% hyaluronic acid creams (50–2000 kDa) vs vehicle
Randomised, controlled, intra-individual · 76 women · 60 days
All molecular weights improved hydration and elasticity vs vehicle; the low weights (50 and 130 kDa) also reduced wrinkle depth.
Pavicic T et al. J Drugs Dermatol 2011;10(9):990–1000 · PMID 22052267 ↗
Randomised controlled trialHydration · glycerin
20% glycerol emollient vs vehicle
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised · 24 adults with atopic dermatitis · 4 weeks
Skin hydration rose vs vehicle from week 1 (p<0.0001) and barrier function (TEWL) improved by week 4.
Breternitz M et al. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008;21(1):39–45 · PMID 18025807 ↗
Randomised controlled trialBarrier · ceramides
Ceramide cream vs hydrophilic cream, split-body
Double-blind, randomised · 24 adults with dry skin · 28 days + 7-day follow-up
Better hydration, lower TEWL and improved skin pH at every time point, maintained 7 days after stopping.
Lueangarun S et al. Dermatol Ther 2019;32(6):e13090 · PMID 31585489 ↗
Randomised controlled trialMicrobiome · postbiotic
5% Vitreoscilla filiformis lysate cream vs vehicle
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled · 75 people with atopic dermatitis · 30 days
Reduced eczema severity (P=0.0044), itch and sleep loss, and lowered S. aureus colonisation vs placebo.
Gueniche A et al. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(6):1357–1363 · PMID 18795916 ↗
Randomised controlled trialBarrier · ectoin
Ectoin cream vs a non-steroidal barrier cream
Randomised, double-blind, intra-individual, multicentre · 65 adults · 28 days
Efficacy and tolerability equivalent to the active comparator on eczema score, global assessment and itch.
Marini A et al. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014;27(2):57–65 · PMID 23949258 ↗
Randomised controlled trialPhotoageing · daily sunscreen Daily broad-spectrum SPF 15+ vs discretionary use
Randomised community trial, blinded assessment · 903 adults · 4.5 years
Daily users showed 24% less skin ageing (relative odds 0.76) than discretionary users.
Hughes MC et al. Ann Intern Med 2013;158(11):781–790 · PMID 23732711 ↗
These are published studies on ingredients, methods and routines, not on products we have made. A finished product needs its own testing before a claim goes on pack, and we design that study with you. See the full evidence library